Tumor markers refer to a wide range of proteins and molecules that cells release in response to tumors and related conditions, including both cancerous and non-cancerous situations. While most tumor markers can also be found in non-cancerous circumstances, their expression increases during cancer. Detecting the presence and concentration of these markers in bodily fluids can therefore help with early tumor detection, treatment follow-up, and the selection of the most effective therapy options.
Bone turnover markers are biochemical indicators of the ongoing bone remodeling process. They can be divided into resorption markers, such as β-C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX), and formation markers, such as procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) and osteocalcin. Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are also important regulators of bone metabolism. Measuring bone turnover markers can provide insight into bone health and aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of bone disorders, such as osteoporosis.
Cardiac biomarkers are substances that are released into the blood when the heart is damaged or stressed. Measurements of these biomarkers, such as cTnI, Myoglobin, CK-MB, BNP, are used to help diagnose cardiac vascular diseases. Tests for cardiac biomarkers can also be used to help determine a person’s risk of having these conditions or to help monitor and manage someone with suspected CVD.
Inflammation is a natural response of the body to infection, injury, or other harmful stimuli. However, chronic or excessive inflammation can contribute to the development of many diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and procalcitonin (PCT) are markers that can indicate the presence of inflammation in the body. Measuring these markers can help diagnose and monitor the course of inflammatory diseases and guide treatment decisions.
Liver fibrosis is a condition in which excessive scarring and fibrous tissue build-up occurs in the liver. This can lead to impaired liver function and ultimately progress to cirrhosis if left untreated. Liver fibrosis markers are substances that can indicate the degree of liver fibrosis and aid in the diagnosis and management of liver diseases, such as procollagen type III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP), collagen type IV, and laminin. These markers can be used to monitor disease progression, guide treatment decisions, and assess treatment efficacy. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for assessing liver fibrosis, but the use of non-invasive fibrosis markers is becoming more common due to their convenience and potential to reduce the need for liver biopsy.
Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for the production of red blood cells, and their deficiencies can cause anemia. Intrinsic factor is a protein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract. Transferrin is a protein that binds and transports iron in the blood, which is needed for the production of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues. Measuring these markers can help diagnose the cause of anemia and guide treatment.
Fertility biomarkers are biological indicators that can help assess a person's reproductive potential or likelihood of conceiving. These biomarkers can include various hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone, as well as physical indicators like basal body temperature (BBT) and cervical mucus. Monitoring these biomarkers can provide insights into ovulation patterns and other factors that may impact fertility. Understanding fertility biomarkers can be particularly useful for individuals who are trying to conceive, as well as for healthcare providers who are assessing fertility concerns.
Serology biomarkers are molecules or proteins that are measurable in biological samples, and their presence or absence can provide insight into the immune response of an individual. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an immunoglobulin that plays a crucial role in allergic reactions, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. It is often measured in the diagnosis of allergic disorders, such as asthma and eczema. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first antibody produced by the immune system in response to an infection or antigen. It is an indicator of acute infection, and its levels can rise rapidly in response to a new infection. C1q is a protein in the complement system, which is involved in the immune response to infections and other challenges to the body. Low levels of C1q are associated with autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Under development